Which Art Form Stands at the Intersection of Architecture and Sculpture?

Production and process of planning, designing and constructing buildings and other structures

Compages (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "primary" and τέκτων "creator") is both the procedure and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures.^[iii] Architectural works, in the cloth form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of fine art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.^[4]

The practise, which began in the prehistoric era, has been used equally a fashion of expressing culture for civilizations on all seven continents.^[five] For this reason, compages is considered to be a class of art. Texts on architecture have been written since ancient times. The earliest surviving text on architectural theories is the 1st century AD treatise De architectura by the Roman builder Vitruvius, according to whom a good building embodies firmitas, utilitas , and venustas (immovability, utility, and beauty). Centuries afterwards, Leon Battista Alberti developed his ideas further, seeing dazzler as an objective quality of buildings to be found in their proportions. Giorgio Vasari wrote Lives of the Almost Splendid Painters, Sculptors, and Architects and put forrard the idea of manner in the Western arts in the 16th century. In the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared that "form follows function". "Function" began to replace the classical "utility" and was understood to include not but applied but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural dimensions. The idea of sustainable compages was introduced in the late 20th century.

Architecture began as rural, oral vernacular architecture that adult from trial and mistake to successful replication. Ancient urban compages was preoccupied with building religious structures and buildings symbolizing the political power of rulers until Greek and Roman architecture shifted focus to civic virtues. Indian and Chinese architecture influenced forms all over Asia and Buddhist architecture in item took various local flavors. In fact, During the European Middle Ages, pan-European styles of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the Renaissance favored Classical forms implemented by architects known by proper noun. Later, the roles of architects and engineers became separated. Modern architecture began after World War I every bit an advanced motility that sought to develop a completely new manner appropriate for a new postal service-war social and economic order focused on meeting the needs of the eye and working classes. Emphasis was put on mod techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for loftier-ascent superstructures. Many architects became disillusioned with modernism which they perceived as ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, and postmodern and contemporary compages developed.

Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship design to interior decorating.

Definitions

Architecture tin mean:

• A full general term to draw buildings and other physical structures.^[6]
• The art and scientific discipline of designing buildings and (some) nonbuilding structures.^{[half dozen]}
• The mode of design and method of construction of buildings and other concrete structures.^[vi]
• A unifying or coherent form or structure.^[vii]
• Noesis of art, scientific discipline, technology, and humanity.^{[half dozen]}
• The design activity of the architect,^[6] from the macro-level (urban design, mural architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture). The exercise of the architect, where architecture means offer or rendering professional services in connectedness with the pattern and construction of buildings, or built environments.^[8]

Theory of architecture

Program of the second floor (attic storey) of the Hôtel de Brionne in Paris – 1734.

The philosophy of architecture is a branch of philosophy of fine art, dealing with aesthetic value of architecture, its semantics and in relation with development of culture. Many philosophers and theoreticians from Plato to Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze,^[9] Robert Venturi and Ludwig Wittgenstein have concerned themselves with the nature of compages and whether or not architecture is distinguished from building.

Celebrated treatises

The earliest surviving written work on the subject of compages is De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD.^[ten] According to Vitruvius, a adept building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas ,^{[eleven] [12]} commonly known by the original translation – firmness, article and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:

• Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition
• Utility – information technology should exist suitable for the purposes for which it is used
• Beauty – it should exist aesthetically pleasing

Co-ordinate to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these 3 attributes also equally possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De re aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament as well played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealized human figure, the Golden hateful. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent office of an object, rather than something applied superficially, and was based on universal, recognizable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Giorgio Vasari.^[13] Past the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Fantabulous Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish, and English.

In the 16th century, Italian Mannerist architect, painter and theorist Sebastiano Serlio wrote Tutte L'Opere D'Architettura et Prospetiva (Complete Works on Compages and Perspective). This treatise exerted immense influence throughout Europe, being the commencement handbook that emphasized the practical rather than the theoretical aspects of architecture, and it was the first to itemize the 5 orders.^[14]

In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, equally the title suggested, assorted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval globe. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."^[15] The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his 7 Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Compages was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men … that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental wellness, power, and pleasance".^[16] For Ruskin, the artful was of overriding significance. His piece of work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-synthetic, well-proportioned, functional edifice needed string courses or rustication, at the very to the lowest degree.^[16]

On the difference between the ideals of compages and mere structure, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "Y'all utilise stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you lot build houses and palaces: that is structure. Ingenuity is at piece of work. But suddenly you touch my eye, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".^[17] Le Corbusier's contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said "Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There information technology begins."^[18]

Modernistic concepts

The notable 19th-century builder of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design: "Form follows function". While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely discipline to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the event of introducing the concept of "function" in identify of Vitruvius' "utility". "Office" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical merely also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.

Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its artful dimension architecture goes across the functional aspects that it has in mutual with other homo sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.... To restrict the significant of (architectural) formalism to fine art for art's sake is not simply reactionary; it can as well be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades course into a mere instrumentality".^[19]

Among the philosophies that have influenced modernistic architects and their arroyo to edifice design are Rationalism, Empiricism, Structuralism, Poststructuralism, Deconstruction and Phenomenology.

In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the gimmicky ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its affect upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable ability sources for heating, cooling, h2o and waste management, and lighting.

History

Origins and vernacular architecture

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  In Kingdom of norway: wood and elevated-level

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Building first evolved out of the dynamics betwixt needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and ways (bachelor building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to exist formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the proper noun given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that arts and crafts. Information technology is widely causeless that architectural success was the product of a procedure of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to exist produced in many parts of the globe.

Prehistoric architecture

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  Göbekli Tepe from Turkey, founded in 10th millennium BC and abandoned in eighth millennium BC

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  Miniature of a regular Cucuteni-Trypillian house, full of ceramic vessels

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Early on human being settlements were mostly rural. Hence, Expending economies resulted in the cosmos of urban areas which in some cases grew and evolved very quickly, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Culture in modern-solar day Pakistan.

Neolithic settlements and "cities" include Göbekli Tepe and Çatalhöyük in Turkey, Jericho in the Levant, Mehrgarh in Islamic republic of pakistan, Knap of Howar and Skara Brae, Orkney Islands, Scotland, and the Cucuteni-Trypillian civilisation settlements in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine.

Ancient architecture

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In many ancient civilizations such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in compages to symbolically represent the political power of the ruler or the state itself.

The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such every bit the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new edifice types emerged. Every bit the Architectural "style" developed in the class of the Classical orders. Roman architecture was influenced past Greek compages as they incorporated many Greek elements into their edifice practices.^[20]

Texts on compages take been written since aboriginal times. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early on examples of canonic compages are religious.

Asian compages

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The architecture of different parts of Asia developed differently than Europe; and each of Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture had unlike characteristics. In fact, Unlike Indian and Chinese compages which had great influence on the surrounding regions, Japanese architecture did not. Some Asian architecture showed bully regional diversity such as Buddhist architecture, in particular. Moreover, other architectural achievements in Asia is the Hindu temple architecture, which adult from around the 5th century CE, is in theory governed past concepts laid downwards in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm.

In many Asian countries, pantheistic faith led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to raise the natural mural. As well, the grandest houses were relatively lightweight structures mainly using wood until recent times, and there are few survivals of keen age. Buddhism was associated with a move to rock and brick religious structures, probably outset as rock-cut architecture, which has frequently survived very well.

Early on Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of Cathay from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of aboriginal India; Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka and Araniko of Nepal .

Islamic compages

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Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the aboriginal Heart Eastward and Byzantium, but likewise developing features to accommodate the religious and social needs of the society. Examples tin be institute throughout the Middle Eastward, Turkey, Due north Africa, the Indian Sub-continent and in parts of Europe, such every bit Spain, Albania, and the Balkan States, as the issue of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. ^{[21] [22]}

Eye Ages

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In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organize their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The office of builder was usually i with that of master bricklayer, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in gimmicky documents.

The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onward, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.

Also, a significant role of the Middle Ages architectural heritage is numerous fortifications across the continent. From the Balkans to Spain, and from Malta to Estonia, these buildings represent an important part of European heritage.

Renaissance and the builder

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In Renaissance Europe, from nearly 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the evolution of Renaissance humanism, which placed greater emphasis on the role of the private in order than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.

A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering, which afflicted the proportions and construction of buildings. At this phase, it was nonetheless possible for an creative person to pattern a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.

Early modernistic and the industrial age

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With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and applied science, architecture and engineering began to split, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, oftentimes at the expense of technical aspects of building blueprint. At that place was also the ascent of the "gentleman architect" who normally dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified past the many country houses of Great Uk that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for instance at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much accent to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility.

Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the centre course equally ornamented products, one time within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under car product.

Colloquial architecture became increasingly ornamental. Housebuilders could utilize current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.

Modernism

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Around the offset of the 20th century, general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce amend quality machine-made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is normally placed here. Post-obit this lead, the Bauhaus schoolhouse, founded in Weimar, Deutschland in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior gear up throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the noon—of art, arts and crafts, and technology.

When modern architecture was first good, information technology was an advanced move with moral, philosophical, and artful underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new mode appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on coming together the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the apace declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and decoration in favor of functional details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright adult organic architecture, in which the course was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between homo habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.

Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and mod structure techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods fabricated possible past the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. Fazlur Rahman Khan's evolution of the tube structure was a technological break-through in edifice ever college. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Mode, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways past the Twin Towers of New York'due south Earth Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki.

Postmodernism

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Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the showtime generation of modernists began to die after World War Two, the second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to aggrandize the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculpture façades fabricated of unfinished concrete. Merely an fifty-fifty younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.

One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric compages, which includes such things as bio morphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the main source of inspiration and design. While it is considered past some to be just an attribute of postmodernism, others consider information technology to be a schoolhouse in its own right and a after evolution of expressionist architecture.^[24]

Kickoff in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged equally an important movement in the early reaction confronting modernism, with architects similar Charles Moore in the United States, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti, Michele Valori, Bruno Zevi in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human feel using historical buildings as models and precedents.^[25] Postmodernism produced a fashion that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and not-modern styles, from high classical compages to popular or colloquial regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture every bit a "busy shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside) and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms).^[26]

Architecture today

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Since the 1980s, as the complication of buildings began to increment (in terms of structural systems, services, free energy and technologies), the field of compages became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project commitment methods. Moreover, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' builder ^{[Notes 1]} from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.^{[Notes 2]} The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, coin, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer exist the design of one person simply must be the piece of work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticized by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful compages is not a personal, philosophical, or artful pursuit past individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create livable environments, with the pattern procedure existence informed by studies of behavioral, ecology, and social sciences.

Environmental sustainability has go a mainstream issue, with a profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who back up the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable blueprint, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this tin exist found in passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has too changed compages schools to focus more on the environment. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings that seek to meet green edifice sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques.^[27] The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Blueprint) rating organization has been instrumental in this.^{[28] [ quantify ]}

Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric compages, Complementary architecture and New Classical compages promote a sustainable approach towards structure that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design.^{[29] [thirty]} This in contrast to modernist and globally compatible architecture, equally well as leaning confronting lone housing estates and suburban sprawl.^[31] Glass curtain walls, which were the authentication of the ultra modern urban life in many countries surfaced fifty-fifty in developing countries like Nigeria where international styles had been represented since the mid 20th Century generally because of the leanings of foreign-trained architects.^[32]

Other types of architecture

Mural architecture

Landscape architecture is the pattern of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to reach environmental, social-behavioral, or artful outcomes.^[33] Information technology involves the systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the mural, and the blueprint of interventions that will produce the desired upshot. The scope of the profession includes landscape design; site planning; stormwater management; environmental restoration; parks and recreation planning; visual resource management; green infrastructure planning and provision; and private manor and residence mural main planning and blueprint; all at varying scales of design, planning and management. A practitioner in the profession of landscape architecture is called a landscape architect.

Interior architecture

Charles Rennie Mackintosh – Music Room 1901

Interior architecture is the design of a space which has been created past structural boundaries and the human being interaction inside these boundaries. It can also be the initial blueprint and plan for use, then later redesigned to accommodate a changed purpose, or a significantly revised blueprint for adaptive reuse of the edifice shell.^[34] The latter is often part of sustainable architecture practices, conserving resources through "recycling" a structure past adaptive redesign. Generally referred to as the spatial art of environmental design, form and practise, interior compages is the process through which the interiors of buildings are designed, concerned with all aspects of the homo uses of structural spaces. Put only, interior compages is the blueprint of an interior in architectural terms.

Naval architecture

Body programme of a ship showing the hull form

Naval architecture, besides known equally naval technology, is an engineering field of study dealing with the applied science design procedure, shipbuilding, maintenance, and performance of marine vessels and structures.^{[35] [36]} Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary pattern of the vessel, its detailed design, construction, trials, functioning and maintenance, launching and dry out-docking are the main activities involved. Send pattern calculations are also required for ships being modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair). Naval architecture as well involves the formulation of prophylactic regulations and impairment command rules and the blessing and certification of ship designs to encounter statutory and non-statutory requirements.

Urban design

Urban blueprint is the process of designing and shaping the concrete features of cities, towns, and villages. In contrast to architecture, which focuses on the pattern of individual buildings, urban design deals with the larger scale of groups of buildings, streets and public spaces, whole neighborhoods and districts, and entire cities, with the goal of making urban areas functional, attractive, and sustainable.^[37]

Urban blueprint is an interdisciplinary field that utilizes elements of many built environs professions, including landscape compages, urban planning, architecture, civil engineering and municipal engineering.^[38] It is mutual for professionals in all these disciplines to practice urban design. In more recent times unlike sub-subfields of urban design have emerged such as strategic urban design, mural urbanism, water-sensitive urban design, and sustainable urbanism.

Metaphorical "architectures"

"Architecture" is used as a metaphor for many modernistic techniques or fields for structuring abstractions. These include:

• Computer architecture, a prepare of rules and methods that depict the functionality, system, and implementation of computer systems, with software compages, hardware compages and network compages roofing more than specific aspects.
• Business organisation architecture, divers as "a blueprint of the enterprise that provides a common understanding of the organisation and is used to align strategic objectives and tactical demands",^[39] Enterprise architecture is another term.
• Cognitive architecture theories about the structure of the human being mind
• System compages a conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more views of any type of system.^[40]

Seismic architecture

The term 'seismic architecture' or 'earthquake architecture' was kickoff introduced in 1985 by Robert Reitherman.^[41] The phrase "earthquake architecture" is used to draw a degree of architectural expression of earthquake resistance or implication of architectural configuration, form or style in earthquake resistance. It is besides used to describe buildings in which seismic design considerations impacted its architecture. Information technology may be considered a new artful approach in designing structures in seismic prone areas.^[42] The wide breadth of expressive possibilities ranges from metaphorical uses of seismic issues, to the more straightforward exposure of seismic engineering science. While outcomes of an earthquake architecture tin can be very diverse in their physical manifestations, architectural expression of seismic principles can too take many forms and levels of sophistication.^[43]

See likewise

• Architectural engineering
• Architectural engineering
• Index of compages articles
• Outline of compages
• Philosophy of architecture
• Reverse architecture
• Timeline of architecture

Notes

1. ^ A design architect is one who is responsible for the blueprint.
2. ^ A projection builder is 1 who is responsible for ensuring the pattern is built correctly and who administers edifice contracts – in non-specialist architectural practices the project architect is also the design architect and the term refers to the differing roles the builder plays at differing stages of the process.

References

1. ^ Museo Galileo, Museum and Establish of History and Science, The Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore Archived 1 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine, (accessed thirty January 2013)
2. ^ Giovanni Fanelli, Brunelleschi, Becocci, Florence (1980), Chapter: The Dome pp. 10–41.
3. ^ "architecture". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 27 October 2017.
4. ^ Pace, Anthony (2004). "Tarxien". In Daniel Cilia (ed.). Malta earlier History – The World's Oldest Free Standing Stone Architecture. Miranda Publishers. ISBN978-9990985085.
5. ^ "7 Things I Learned Well-nigh "Home" from Talking to Architects on Every Continent". Flat Therapy . Retrieved 5 December 2020.
6. ^ ^{a b c d eastward} Shorter Oxford English language Dictionary (1993), Oxford, ISBN 0 nineteen 860575 seven
7. ^ Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, ISBN 0-87779-132-5 or ISBN 978-0-87779-132-4
8. ^ "Gov.ns.ca". Gov.ns.ca. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
9. ^ Deleuze, Gilles (1990). Pourparlers. Paris: Minuit. p. 219. It is not the line that is betwixt 2 points, but the point that is at the intersection of several lines.
10. ^ D. Rowland – T.N. Howe: Vitruvius. 10 Books on Architecture. Cambridge University Printing, Cambridge 1999, ISBN 0-521-00292-3
11. ^ "Vitruvius Ten Books on Architecture, with regard to mural and garden design". gardenvisit.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved xiv November 2005.
12. ^ "Vitruvius". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
13. ^ Françoise Choay, Alberti and Vitruvius, editor, Joseph Rykwert, Profile 21, Architectural Design, Vol. 49 No. 5–six
14. ^ Sebastiano Serlio -- On domestic compages, Columbia University Libraries, accessed February five, 2021
15. ^ D'Anjou, Philippe (2011). "An Ethics of Freedom for Architectural Design Practice". Periodical of Architectural Education. 64 (2): 141–147. doi:10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01137.x. JSTOR 41318789. S2CID 110313708.
16. ^ ^{a b} John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, G. Allen (1880), reprinted Dover, (1989) ISBN 0-486-26145-X
17. ^ Le Corbusier, Towards a New Compages, Dover Publications(1985). ISBN 0-486-25023-7
18. ^ "Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins. - Ludwig Mies van der Rohe at BrainyQuote". BrainyQuote.
19. ^ Rondanini, Nunzia Architecture and Social Change Heresies Two, Vol. iii, No. iii, New York, Neresies Collective Inc., 1981.
20. ^ "Introduction to Greek compages". Khan Academy. Archived from the original on 14 Oct 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
21. ^ Marika Sardar (Oct 2004). "Essay: The Afterward Ottomans and the Bear on of Europe". www.metmuseum.org. The Met. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
22. ^ Lory, Bernard (ane January 2015). "The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans" (html / pdf). Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Book Iii. Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three. pp. 355–405. doi:10.1163/9789004290365_006. ISBN9789004290365 . Retrieved 12 February 2019.
23. ^ Marinache, Oana (2017). Paul Gottereau - United nations Regal în Arhitectură (in Romanaian). Editura Istoria Artei. p. 184. ISBN978-606-8839-09-7.
24. ^ Fez-Barringten, Barie (2012). Architecture: The Making of Metaphors. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN978-1-4438-3517-half dozen.
25. ^ Otero-Pailos, Jorge (2010). Architecture's Historical Turn: Phenomenology and the Rise of the Postmodern. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN9780816666041.
26. ^ Venturi, Robert (1966). Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture . New York: Museum of Modernistic Fine art. complexity and contradiction in architecture.
27. ^ OneWorld.net (31 March 2004). "Colloquial Architecture in Republic of india". El.doccentre.info. Retrieved two July 2011.
28. ^ Other energy efficiency and green building rating systems include Energy Star, Green Globes, and CHPS (Collaborative for High Performance Schools).
29. ^ "The Charter of the New Urbanism". cnu.org. 20 Apr 2015.
30. ^ "Beauty, Humanism, Continuity between Past and Futurity". Traditional Compages Grouping. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
31. ^ Issue Cursory: Smart-Growth: Edifice Livable Communities. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on 23 March 2014.
32. ^ "Architecture". Litcaf. 10 February 2016. Retrieved iv June 2017.
33. ^ Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe, Susan Jellicoe, The Landscape of Man: Shaping the Environment from Prehistory to the Nowadays Day ISBN 9780500274316
34. ^ "Interior Compages". RISD Interior Architecture Graduate Department.
35. ^ RINA. "Careers in Naval Architecture". www.rina.org.britain.
36. ^ Biran, Adrian; (2003). Transport hydrostatics and stability (1st Ed.) – Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-4988-7
37. ^ Boeing; et al. (2014). "LEED-ND and Livability Revisited". Berkeley Planning Journal. 27: 31–55. doi:10.5070/BP327120808 . Retrieved 15 April 2015.
38. ^ Van Assche, Yard., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013). Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems Archived 28 June 2013 at the Wayback Car. Planning Theory, 12(two), 177-198.
39. ^ OMG Business Architecture Special Involvement Group "What Is Business organization Architecture?" at bawg.omg.org, 2008 (archive.org). Accessed 04-03-2015; Cited in: William 1000. Ulrich, Philip Newcomb Information Systems Transformation: Architecture-Driven Modernization Case Studies. (2010), p. 4.
40. ^ Hannu Jaakkola and Bernhard Thalheim. (2011) "Compages-driven modelling methodologies." In: Proceedings of the 2011 briefing on Data Modelling and Knowledge Bases XXII. Anneli Heimbürger et al. (eds). IOS Press. p. 98
41. ^ Reitherman, Robert (1985). "Convulsion Engineering and Earthquake Architecture. Part of the AIA Workshop for Architects and Related Building Professionals on Designing for Earthquakes in the Western Mountain Statess".
42. ^ Llunji, Mentor (2016). Seismic Compages - The compages of earthquake resistant structures. Msproject. ISBN9789940979409.
43. ^ Charleson, Andrew (2000). "Towards An Earthquake Architecture. 12 WCEE-12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering".

External links

• Globe Architecture Community
• Compages.com, published past Royal Institute of British Architects
• Architectural centers and museums in the world, list of links from the UIA
• American Plant of Architects
• Glossary of Architectural Terms Archived 28 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine
• Cities and Buildings Database – Collection of digitized images of buildings and cities drawn from across time and throughout the world from the Academy of Washington Library
• "Compages and Power", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Adrian Tinniswood, Gillian Darley and Gavin Stamp (In Our Time, October. 31, 2002)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture

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